Monday, February 4, 2013

George Washington: In His Own Words

The official, first US flag.
 Our nation's first president did not believe in swearing, nor did he find it acceptable that soldiers felt a right to steal during a time of war – even if (especially if?) it was livestock to feed them.  

George Washington believed in personal discipline, good judgement, and moral accountability. Perhaps it makes him sound like a bit of a bore or, perhaps, it helps define a leader who knew the weight of his responsibility. 

Washington also believed in the power or education as something to be pursued, this during a time when libraries were not free and books were luxuries. In his later years, he would describe the power of government as something to be overseen "like fire." 

He also believed not only in the power of love, but in the strength of women. In his life, he benefited from the wisdom, the strength, and the unwavering support of his mother and also his wife. Perhaps this makes Washington sound corny or naive or simple. Or, perhaps, he simply was a smart man.

February 22 is George Washington's actual birth date although the federal celebration is the third Monday in February, otherwise known as President's Day.

Washington reading the Declaration of Independence to his troops.
Our first general was a reluctant president, a private man, and a dedicated public servant whose front door was, literally, open to travelers passing by.  

At the age of 16, he had already embraced a clear code of ethics, 110 rules by which he tried to live.  Washington's Rules of Civility
are a quick and useful read.

But as he lived through his letters, speeches, and through the correspondence that surrounded him, we can discern a picture of the man who ultimately did possess what he considered "the most enviable of titles", that of an honest man.

Here is a look at Washington through his own words:
  
... That little spark of celestial fire called conscience

* Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial fire called conscience.

* Few men have virtue to withstand the highest bidder.

* It is better to be alone than in bad company.

* I hope I shall possess firmness and virtue enough to maintain what I consider the most enviable of all titles, the character of an honest man.

* A slender acquaintance with the world must convince every man that actions, not words, are the true criterion of the attachment of friends.

* Be courteous to all, but intimate with few; and let those be well-tried before you give them your confidence.

* Truth will ultimately prevail where there are pains to bring it to light.

... A sensible woman can never be happy with a fool 
George and Martha Washington (Library of Congress)
* Happiness depends more upon the internal frame of a person’s own mind, than on the externals in the world.

* Human happiness and moral duty are inseparably connected.
* All I am I owe to my mother. I attribute my success in life to the moral, intellectual and physical education I received from her.

* I have found that when I silently commune with people they give up their secrets also – if you love them enough.

* A sensible woman can never be happy with a fool. (Advice to his step-granddaughter, Eleanor Parke Custis)
   

... The surest basis of public happiness

* Knowledge is in every country the surest basis of public happiness.

* There is nothing which can better deserve our patronage than the promotion of science and literature.

* A primary object should be the education of our youth in the science of government. In a republic, what species of knowledge can be equally important? What duty more pressing than communicating it to those who are to be the future guardians of the liberties of the country?

* It will be found an unjust and unwise jealousy to deprive a man of his natural liberty upon the supposition he may abuse it.

* Laws made by common consent cannot be trampled upon by individuals. 
 
Washington before Valley Forge (by Friburg)

... I have grown not only gray, but almost blind in the service of my country


* Gentlemen, you will permit me to put on my spectacles, for, I have grown not only gray, but almost blind in the service of my country. (Washington's preamble in a speech to officers about to strike over unmet pay and pensions – and chose not to – the Newburgh Conspiracy, 1783)

* I shall not be deprived of a comfort in the worst event, if I retain a consciousness of having acted to the best of my judgment.

* Government is not reason, it is not eloquence – it is force. Like fire, it is a dangerous servant and fearful master.

* The willingness with which our young people are likely to serve in any war, no matter how justified, shall be directly proportional to how they perceive veterans of early wars were treated and appreciated by our nation.

* Perseverance and spirit have done wonders in all ages.

George Washington with the "Betsy Ross flag"

  George Washington's official White House biography.

Let if fly!


sources:

Foundations Magazine

Library of Congress

MountVernon.org

The Papers of George Washington (UVA)

WhiteHouse.gov

Sunday, January 20, 2013

It's the Inauguration! Some Traditions, New and Old

The official Presidential flag
 On Monday, January 21, 2013, the flag flies in honor of two federal holidays.

The first is in honor or Dr. Martin Luther King's birthday which is celebrated the third Monday in January.

The second holiday is the public inauguration for President Obama's second term in office. Traditionally, inaugurations are scheduled for January 20 but when that falls on a Sunday, the service and celebrations related to the public inauguration move to the next day, Jan. 21.

While this is not the first time the public inauguration will be celebrated on January 21 rather than January 20, there are several "firsts" that will be associated with this inauguration as well as a great deal of added symbolism.


• Presidents get to choose which Bible they would like to use when they are sworn in. As you might imagine, there are family Bibles as well as historic Bibles that are especially popular. 


The Lincoln inaugural Bible, also used by Obama ...twice!
President Obama will be taking the oath of office with his hand placed on two Bibles with historic and symbolic significance. One of these Bibles is the same Bible President Lincoln was sworn in with during his first term in office. 

Obama also used this Bible four years ago. The other Bible he will use is one that was used by Dr. King. 

• The prayer for Pres. Obama's inauguration will be given by Myrlie Evers-Williams, the widow of Medgar Evans, the slain civil rights fighter, and a long-time activist herself. While it is unusual for a lay person to give the prayer, Ms. Evers-Williams is the first woman to do so.

• When Obama takes his oath of office, he will be facing the Lincoln Memorial, the location where Dr. King gave his "I have a dream" speech. And his hand will be on Bibles used by those same men.

Obama's first inauguration drew the largest crowds to date.  In fact, so many people were there to celebrate that it was the first time "the entire National Mall was was used as a public viewing area" (Huffington Post). Obama's first inauguration also was the first time a woman senator served as the event host. Who was that woman? Sen. Dianne Feinstein.

Dr. King giving his "I Have a Dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial
Here are more historic "firsts" and just some interesting facts about our presidential inaugurations!

Let it fly!

sources:
Huffingtonpost.com
Inaugural.senate.gov/about/facts-and-firsts
nps.gov

Georgia's State Flag: A Visual History

The state flag of Georgia
If you look closely at the Georgia state flag, you will see a version of all the individual flags and symbols that have represented the state, starting with Georgia's Great Seal which dates to 1799.
The official Great Seal is made of two designs but it is the front, the obverse side, that has a version included on Georgia's state flag. 

The official Great Seal of Georgia
The Great Seal includes three pillars with the values of wisdom, justice, and moderation inscribed in a ribbon wrapped around each pillar. Arched above the pillars are the words Constitution and Justice.While the official seal has the legend "State of Georgia" and the date, 1776, included in the border, the flag's version of the seal, includes the legend "In God We Trust" inscribed under the pillars with the image surrounded by 13 stars. The 13 stars reference Georgia's history as one of the original 13 colonies

Georgia, the 4th state, is the first state to include 13 symbolic stars on its state flag.

The pre-1879 and unofficial state flag
When Georgia seceded from the Union in 1861, it did not have a state flag but it did have a state seal and the tradition of using a version of the state seal on a banner as a state flag. This practice was common prior to and after the Civil War, particularly with local militia. According to the New Georgia Encyclopaedia: "The militia flags did have a common element ... the coat of arms from Georgia's state seal." 

This design is important as it continued to serve as an unofficial state flag until 1879. In 1879, with the lead taken by a state senator who also was a former Confederate Major, Georgia has a new state flag designed, one that borrowed its implied design from the Stars and Bars, the first flag of the Confederate:

The Confederate Stars and Bars, 1861-1863

While the new state flag did not include the ring of stars from the Confederate flag, it did include a version of the Stars and Bars' basic layout. This version of the Georgia state flag flew from 1879-1902. It included a wide, vertical blue stripe on the left opposite three, wide, horizontal stripes on the right:

Georgia state flag, 1879-1902
From 1902-1906, the flag was modified to include Georgia's traditional use of the state seal with the Confederate Stars and Bars:

   Georgia state flag, 1902-1906

Versions of this design continued until 1956 when the state flag was modified again, this time to include the Confederate Battle flag alongside a version of the Georgia state seal. According to the New Georgia Encyclopedia, the 1956 state flag was created, in part, with an interest in Georgia's Confederate history and as a probable response to early progress of the Civil Rights movement as seen in Brown vs. the Board of Education:  

"A strong impetus for [changing the state flag], however, was the 1954 and 1955 Brown v. Board of Education decisions, which were bitterly denounced by most Georgia political leaders. The entire 1956 legislative session was devoted to ... 'massive resistance/ to federally imposed integration of public schools."

According to the website, Georgiainfo, an online research site under the direction of the Galileo database and the University of Georgia libraries:

"The Georgia state flag adopted in 1956 has long been the subject of controversy. Calls to change it began in 1969, with opponents criticizing the symbolism expressed by the Confederate battle flag image that visually dominated the design. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, numerous bills to return to the pre-1956 flag were introduced in the General Assembly – but none were successful." 

The Confederate battle flag (1861-1865)
The Georgia state flag (1956-2001)
  
In 2001, the flag was changed yet again. The 2001-2003 version includes a gold version of the state seal surrounded by a ring of 13 white stars. Both are centered in the middle of a blue field. At the bottom, is a ribbon of five flags that have flown over Georgia. This time, the reference includes the first flag of the United States, the three official state flags of Georgia, and the current flag of the United States:

 

The current state flag of Georgia was created in 2003. It is a design that harks back to the early versions of the state flag that focused on the colonial state seal as well as a more subtle reference to the Confederate Stars and Bars.


Let if fly!
sources:
Georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu
The New Georgia Encyclopedia
Wikipedia

         

Sunday, November 18, 2012

The Gettysburg Address: 273 Good Words

"Four score and seven years ago ..."

You know these words, don't you? 

They are the first words in one of the shortest, most famous, and most beloved speeches ever given.

On November 18, 1863, President Lincoln traveled by train to the Gettysburg, Pennsylvania battleground to deliver a speech at the Soldiers National Cemetery to recognize the war dead – from both sides – from the three day battle of Gettysburg.

Link to Pres. Lincoln's White House bio
That speech was only 273 words and Lincoln was not even the main speaker that day. The big draw was a famous speaker of the time, Edward Everett, and he spoke to the crowd for two (apparently very long) hours. Lincoln came after that terribly long speech so maybe the crowd that stayed that day also came to hear the President. 

The photo below shows Lincoln on the speaker's stand at Gettysburg. It was taken by Mathew [sic] Brady and is in the National Archives. It is considered quite rare and is one of only three known photos from the ceremony in which we think Lincoln can be viewed. This photo actually is a sectional blow up of the speaker's stand.  Here are the three photos.

Rare photo: Lincoln at Gettysburg by Mathew Brady. (Archives.gov)
There are five, known, hand-written copies of The Gettysburg Address. The Library of Congress' has two. One of these copies is called the Nicolay copy and is considered to be the actual copy of the speech that Lincoln pulled from his pocket and read from. 

You can view the Nicolay copy here.



The Gettysburg Address:

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Let it fly!

Union Civil War flag kept the stars of all the states.
 

Monday, November 12, 2012

South Dakota's State Flag: Designed by Father and Son

The official flag of South Dakota.
South Dakota is the 40th state. It's statehood date in November 2, 1889. It's flag is distinctive in terms of its clear colors, uncrowded symbols, and the fact that it originally was designed by a father and then, years later, revised by his son.

In 1909, when it had been a state for just 20 years, South Dakota designed its first state flag. Doane Robinson, president of the South Dakota Historical Society, designed the flag with Senator Ernest May. It featured a large sun on one side and the Montana State Seal on the other side. Robinson was a newspaper editor, historian, and school teacher. He is credited with being a driving force behind Mount Rushmore.

Fifty-four years later in 1963, the flag was redesigned by Doane Robinson's son, Will. Will Robinson combined both images into the new flag's design so that the state seal is featured in the center of a light blue field. The seal, which dates to 1885 and the South Dakota Constitutional Convention, has a yellow border of sun rays surrounding it. The state name is above and the state nickname, the Mount Rushmore State, is below.

An alternate version of the South Dakota flag with the sun symbol, State Seal, and original state motto.

The original South Dakota flag, c. 1909, had two sides. One side had the sun emblem and the other, the State Seal. "The sunshine state" was the original state motto but as it became better associated with Florida, the state motto was changed to the completely distinct, Mount Rushmore State.


Let it fly!


Wednesday, October 31, 2012

Nevada, "Battle Born" on Oct. 31, 1864

Nevada state flag
October 31, 1864 is the date of Nevada's statehood. Nevada is the 36th state.

Nevada's statehood date is on Halloween, a fact not lost to school children studying the history of Nevada.  It makes it a magical kind of date that is probably pretty easy to remember. 

At the time, Halloween was not at all the Main Street holiday. Looking back at the date and the history with modern eyes, however, we can see the birth of the 36th state as being "battle born," just like the state flag claims. I guess that is one way of saying that Nevada was born out of a cauldron of heated debate with many of the prime "characters" occupying the seats of state as well as federal government.

In terms of national debate, 1864 was extra special as it also was an election year. Just like the 2012 election, several of the same topics were defining the national debate: war (civil), morality (slavery), and the economy (of both the industrialized North and the agricultural South). 

Like many territories that became states in this era, there was a divvying up of who would be slave and who would be free. The issue of Nevada's statehood is generally described as being one that was hurried through Congress right before the November election. 

One interesting fact is that territories wanting statehood had to have a state constitution. Nevada's constitution was approved by Nevada voters on September 7, 1864. To speed things up, it was sent by telegram, a 19th century version of email. This particular telegram is considered to be the longest telegram ever sent up to that time (onlinenevada.org). It also was the most expensive costing, in 1864 money, $3,416.77.

Nevada has had four state flags during its history. The first design was in 1905 (by Gov. John Sparks and Cabinet member, Col. Henry Day). The flag was redesigned in 1915 (by Clara Crisler) and in 1929 (by Don Louis Shellback). The current Nevada state flag was designed in 1991 (by Verne R. Horton).

The 1905 flag included a blue field with the name Nevada centered in the middle. (Nevada, by the way, comes from the Spanish meaning "snow covered.") The word "gold" was above the state name, and the word "silver" was below it, representing Nevada's rich, mineral history. Because it was the 36th state, there were 36 stars in either gold or silver.
Nevada's Crisler state flag

The Crisler state flag included the state seal and 36 gold and silver stars plus a 37th whose symbolism proved confusing in historical and vexillological terms.

For more information about Nevada, visit the Nevada State Legislature online


Let it fly!
sources: Nevada State Legislature, www.onlineneada.org, www.wikipedia.org, and USFlagstore.blogspot.com.

Thursday, October 4, 2012

Columbus Day Trivia Quiz

Officially, Columbus Day is October 12. We thought it might be fun to see what you know about Christopher Columbus.

Commemorative stamps (c. 1892) of Columbus' voyage.
 The answers to the quiz are below. Have fun!

1. What country do historians generally believe was Columbus' native country?
a. Spain
b. Italy
c. Portugal
d. Morocco

2. Under the flag of which country did Columbus sail?
a. Spain
b. Italy
c. Portugal
d. France

3. What was Columbus looking for?
a. gold
b. slaves
c. new land for an expanding Europe
d. a new way to China and India

4. How many voyages did Columbus make to the New World?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 6

5. What year did Columbus sail to the New World?
a. 1792
b. 1692
c. 1592
d. 1492

6. When Columbus set sail, most Europeans believed the world was flat and that his ships would fall off. 
a. true
b. false

7. Within 10 years of discovering the New World, Columbus was arrested and brought back in chains to Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. Why?
a. for bringing new diseases to Europe 
b. for mismanagement of Royal monies
c. for enslaving people
d. a and b
e. a and c
f. all of the above

8. Columbus is the first explorer to discover the New World.
a. true
b. false

9. The first time Columbus Day was officially celebrated in the US was which year?
a. 1692
b. 1792
c. 1892
d. 1992

10. Which World's Fair celebrated Columbus' voyage?
a. The 1893 Chicago World's Fair: The Columbian Expo
b. The 1893 World's Fair in NYC
c. The 1892 World's Far in Madrid, Spain
d. The 1892 Washington, DC, World's Fair: Exposition of the 3 Americas


Let it fly!

Visit USFlagstore's Columbus Day Sale and save 15% off of any purchase – and that's in addition to what's on sale! Use coupon code Columbus15.
Thomas Moran's painting of the Chicago World's Fair (Brooklyn Museum)

Answers:
1. b. Italy. Genoa, to be exact.
2. a. Spain
3. d. A new way to India and China which would have lead to increased trade with those countries and more wealth so "a" also could be considered correct.
4. c. 4 The last voyage was after his arrest – and his pardon by King Ferdinand.
5. d. 1492
6. a. True
7. F. all of the above.
8. False. The Viking Leif Ericson is considered to have discovered the New World c. 1000 A.D. He landed in Canada.
9. c. 1892, the 400th anniversary of Columbus' landing in the New World. President Harrison made it a federal holiday. 
10. a. The 1893 Chicago World's Fair: The Columbia Expo. It was incredible! It had the first ferris wheel and the fairgrounds were electrified at night!