Patriot Day is a national day of remembrance
honoring the victims of September 11, 2001.
Photo by Michael Pendergrass, US Navy
While Patriot Day is not a "federal
holiday" (requiring schools and government offices to close), it is a "discretionary
holiday" (at the annual discretion of the president).
To celebrate Patriot Day, President Obama asks
us to do two things:
• Observe
a moment of silence at 8:46 a.m. (Eastern time), the time of the first
attack – on the North Tower of the World Trade Center.
• Fly
the flag at half-staff at home, at work, and on government property.
Patriot
Day should not be confused with Patriots Day, a holiday in honor of
"the shot heard round the world," the Revolutionary battles of
Lexington and Concord. Patriots Day occurs the third Monday in April.
Patriot's Day is a
state holiday in Massachusetts and Maine as Maine originally was part of Massachusetts Bay
Colony. Generally, it is celebrated with parades and re-enactments of that first battle of the Revolution.
One World Trade Center (1 WTC)
One World Trade Center or 1 WTC was originally called Freedom Tower. It is scheduled to be completed in 2013.
When it is finished, it will be the tallest building in the entire western hemisphere and one of the three tallest building in the world. From the ground to the top of its spire, it will stretch to 1,776', a height designed to remind the world and ourselves of the American Revolution.
Like its original name, Freedom Tower, it will be a bold statement about strength and resilience. 1 WTC will be over 2 million square feet. It will be a landmark not just in physical structure or symbolism but also in its construction: It will use recycled rainwater, renewable energy, recycled construction materials, and natural light. It was designed by the architect David M. Childs of the firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (NYC). Childs is a graduate of the Yale School of Architecture and a Fellow of the Design Futures Council. Future tenants include the NY/ NJ Port Authority, the US General Services Administration, and publisher Condé Nast (publications include Vogue, The New Yorker, and Architectural Digest). Condé Nast has rented over 1 million square feet (25 floors).
"In remembering the victims of the attacks and honoring those who went to
their rescue, the Museum will explore the very real impact of terrorism in the
lives of very real people, and their families, friends, colleagues and
communities. ... This Museum
will do nothing less than underscore the absolute illegitimacy of
indiscriminate murder."
The Museumis dedicated to fighting terrorism and hate through memory and education. Exhibits examine the September 11 attacks and also look beyond them. They examine the nature of terrorism and hate and also how to fight it: the importance of helping others, about the place art has as a
cathartic response to tragedy, and, of course, how to talk to children
about these topics.
To explore lesson plans and educational goals,click here.
Every president also has a presidential flag. This includes the Seal of the office made into a flag. Traditionally, the Seal includes a ring of stars, one star for every state. President Eisenhower's tenure in the White House was unique in terms of presidential flags. While Eisenhower was in office, the flag grew from 48 stars (Arizona) to 49 and 50, representing Alaska and Hawaii, respectively.
Eisenhower is the only president to serve under three distinct presidential flags. This press release is about an exhibit at the Museum of Flags which will be displaying all three of the flags that the president used.
IMMEDIATE RELEASE:
Historic Flags of the Eisenhower Oval Office on Display
August 9, 2012 from the House of Flags Museum
Columbus, NC – For the first time in history all six original flags from the White House during President Eisenhower’s administration will be together in a single exhibit from October 10 to 13 in Columbus, North Carolina. Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th President of the United States (1953 to 1961), was the only President in our Nation’s history to serve under three different President’s flags. The exhibit includes 48-star, 49-star, and 50-star President’s flags and the corresponding U.S. colors. The 50-star U.S. flag on display is the actual flag unveiled in the White House Cabinet Room when Hawaii became our 50th state.
The flags are on loan from a private collection and from the Eisenhower Museum and Library in Abilene, Kansas. Historic 1940s and 1950s photographs of the hand embroidery flag making process from the U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum at Fort Lee, Virginia will also be on display along with other press photos of Alaska and Hawaii statehood events.
One of a kind – The 49-star President’s Oval Office flag, hand made at the US Army Philadelphia Quartermaster Depot in 1958, will be on public display for the first time since leaving the White House in 1960. This priceless hand embroidered silk President’s flag featuring 49 stars may be the only one of its kind ever made. The 49-star flag was official for only one year – July 4th 1959 to July 4th 1960.
Rare two-sided needle-painting hand embroidery techniques are used to create these beautiful blue silk flags featuring a life-like eagle grasping olive branches and arrows with rays and clouds above; a red, white, and blue shield; plus a scrolled motto E Pluribus Unum surrounded by a circle of stars corresponding to the number of States. The perfectly mirrored designs are identical on both sides of the flag – the back side being seen only after the flag is complete. All three President’s flags are truly unique hand embroidered works of art with hand tied gold and silver precious metal fringe.
A limited engagement – This historic four-day exhibit is planned for October 10th through October 13th 2012 at the House of Flags Museum in Columbus, North Carolina. Admission is free and donations are always appreciated. The museum is fully handicap accessible.
Alaska's 49-star flag celebrated with AL governor, Bob Bartlet (center) and Pres. Eisenhower (back row, far right)
The Missouri state flag contains a field of three stripes in the red, white and blue of the national flag. It also holds two grizzly bears, 24 stars, a helmet and a crescent moon pointing up, towards the heavens.
In short, it holds the symbolic history of a new state born out of conflict from new territory. Here is the history of the Missouri state flag.
Morals — all correct moral laws — derive from the instinct to survive. Moral behavior is survival behavior above the individual level.
~ Sci-fi author and Missouri native, Robert Heinlein
1860: the first Pony Express left St. Joseph, MO for Sacramento
In 1821, the year of its statehood, Missouri was at the crossroads of a geographic and political revolution.
Part
of the wild west territory culled from Spanish and French colonial
rule, this was where the debate over slavery was held in a constant and
contentious balance:
Geographically,
Missouri was at the very juncture where a growing nation had to decide
if its burgeoning borders would be a land of the free or the enslaved.
Politically,
the math of legislative and economic power had carefully balanced the
number of free states against the number of slave states. This could
easily be upended if or when Missouri was accepted as a state.
In 1820, the wheel of fortune turned again when Maine applied for statehood (as a free state) and the Missouri Compromise was reached (making Missouri slave territory).
1820 map showing the 36/30 Parallel and the free/ slave states (Map: PBS)
The
Compromise was a patchwork attempt to appease both sides as it defined
the territory on one side of the 36° 30' parallel (what would become
Kansas) to be free and territory on the other side (Missouri) to be
slave. The fact that Missouri was a borderland – of politics as well as
geography – was evident in the many and often dramatic legislative
proposals that were put forth prior to and after the Missouri Compromise.
In 1821, when Missouri again applied for statehood (for the 8th time), it was granted.
Missouri painter Thomas Hart Benton's Boy and Dog and Farm
Some thirty years later, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 (the concept of popular sovereignty)
overrode the Missouri Compromise. It allowed for the settlers in Kansas
and Nebraska to decide (to vote) for themselves if they would or would
not allow slavery within their territory. This seems simple enough but it was a political tinderbox that fired such far-reaching discussion as the 1858Lincoln-Douglas debatesin Illinois. In
short: either you were for a version of self-rule (which made room for
slavery) or you found the expansion of slavery impossible to condone
(which gave the federal government the right to override laws allowing
slavery in the new territories).
Mr. Dred Scott (Missouri Historical Society)
The Dred Scott Decision (1857) underscored the chaos and the tragedy of these times. In their decision, the Supreme Court ruled that:
1. the Missouri Compromise (which prohibited slavery in some of the new territories) was unconstitutional.
2. African Americans – slave or free – were not citizens (nor eligible for citizenship).
3.
because African Americans were not citizens, they (including children
born on free land) had no ability to seek any protection under the law
(to sue).
4.
Slaves were to be treated as physical property under the law.
Specifically, a law (like the Missouri Compromise) could not free a
slave from his/ her owner, even if the "slave" was living in "free"
territory.
In
practical terms, this meant that if you were free in one territory, you
might not be free in another territory. Likewise, if you were a slave
in one territory but had been living in a "free" territory and had
raised children in that territory, your former master could claim you
and your children – and you could do nothing about it because you did
not have any rights as a citizen.
As
the West was settled in the boom decades between 1820 and 1860, a
harvest of political unrest was being planted that eventually would grow
into the Civil War.
After the Civil War and at the turn of the 20th century, the country was taking stock. It was at this time that the Daughters of the American Revolution began to sponsor state flag contests. The Missouri state flag is the result of the 1908 flag contest.
The state flag of Missouri was designed by Mrs. Marie Elizabeth Oliver, the chairperson of the local DAR search committee and the wife of Senator Robert Burett Oliver.
A second Missouri state flag, one designed by Dr. G. H. Holcomb, had been under consideration but Oliver's design ultimately was chosen. In 1913, the Oliver flag became the official Missouri state flag.
The
Missouri state flag consists of three, wide, horizontal, red, white,
and blue stripes – the colors of the national flag. In the center is the
Missouri state seal. This juxtaposition underscores the union between
the state and the nation. Placing the seal at the center of the Missouri
state flag also emphasizes Missouri's place in the middle of the
nation.
Within
the Missouri state seal there are 24 stars as Missouri is the 24th
state. The largest star is supposed to represent the fact that Missouri
became a state after rising above significant challenges. The grizzly
bears and helmet are symbols representing the strength and fortitude of
Missouri.
The
crescent moon on the Missouri state flag can be read two ways: Its two
points can indicate that Missouri is the second state to "grow" out of
the new territory (from the Latin, cresare,
to grow). In traditional heraldry, however, a crescent moon facing up,
as this one does, generally indicates that this is a branch of a larger
family. This would indicate Missouri as growing out of the new
territories as well as being a part of the United States.
There are two mottoes on the Missouri state flag. One is in English: United We Stand. Divided We Fall. Again, this emphasizes the importance of unity. The Latin motto, Salus populi suprema lex esto translates to "Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law."
Missouri native, President Truman, with the state animal, the mule. Why the mule? Aside from its role in building the West, the mule is strong, hardy, even-tempered, and nobody's fool!
The Colorado state flag was designed by Andrew Carlisle Johnson and adopted in 1911.
Over the years, there have been some modifications of the flag but they have
served the purpose of clarifying its size, color and dimensions. The colors are
the same colors as the national flag with 3 horizontal stripes forming the
field (a white stripe is in-between the top and bottom blue stripes). Near the
middle is a simple but easy-to-read, crimson "C". Inside the
"C" is a gold disc, probably referencing Colorado's gold rush
history.
The
Colorado Historical society has an exceptional website @ www.historycolorado.org
for state history, state museums, and historic sites. It is informative as well
as rich with events and programs, online exhibits as well as on location!
From Territory to State and on to Social Beacon
Colorado
was brought into the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. In 1803
and between the years 1848 and 1850, it became a territory that fell under the
jurisdiction of several other territories (Colorado.gov): Indiana Territory,
Louisiana Territory, Missouri Territory, Utah Territory, New Mexico Territory,
Nebraska Territory and Kansas Territory.
Finally, on February 28, 1863,
Colorado became its own Colorado Territory. In
1863, the first bill for Colorado's statehood was written. And vetoed. Between 1863-1873, Colorado's statehood petition was vetoed some 8 different times.
Colorado's history is as rich as
Colorado's gold rush. It contains a history of male and female pioneers. One of these early pioneers is Molly Brown, best known from the musical biography of her life,
The Unsinkable Molly Brown.
The "unsinkable" and unstoppable Molly Brown
While the musical covers Brown's
rags to riches story, her attempts to enter Denver society, and her surviving
the sinking of the Titanic, it does not do justice to how serious she was about
politics and social reform. In 1901, Brown ran for the state Senate (before
women could even vote). She also was a vocal advocate for suffrage. (Colorado was the second state to pass suffrage. Wyoming was the first.)
Though Molly Brown
and Mother
Jones occupy two very different ends of the socio-political spectrum,
both came together over Colorado mining/ labor law. It was the Ludlow
Massacre, to be precise, which found the wealthy social progressive,
Molly Brown, and the politically active firebrand, Mother Jones, defending
miners' rights ... and undoubtedly annoying mine owner John D.
Rockefeller with their criticism of him in the process.
Mother Jones actually was present at
the fiasco that became the Ludlow Massacre; Brown subsequently raised relief
for surviving victims of the massacre and advocated for reforms in mining labor
law. And yes, that Mother Jones is the same Mother Jones for whom the magazine is
named!
In a very real sense, it will not be one man going to the moon. It will
be an entire nation, for all of us
must work to put him there.
~ President John F. Kennedy
July 20, 1969:
"The Eagle has landed."
Buzz Aldrin saluting the US flag on the moon. (NASA.gov)
With those words, a seemingly impossible dream became reality: Man finally was going to touch – to walk upon – that silvery, celestial orb that hangs from our night time sky. ... Way cool.
What makes this journey so collective? Why is July 20 the anniversary of when "we" walked on the moon rather than simply when "a man" walked on the moon?
It is not a stretch to imagine how impossible such a dream must seem to a collective consciousness. Be it our first look skyward out of the proverbial cave or star gazing from skyscraper balconies, our perennial star gazing has not decreased the wonder nor the beauty of the heavens.
Where does the moon stand amidst this panoply? The moon is simply and impossibly the first celestial orb that we have touched.
The moon
The moon waxes, wanes, and blooms. It turns colors like harvest gold, copper fire, or mythical blue. It makes cloud cover glow. It is constantly changing and a constant to look upon and wonder at as we consider the constant shifting of our own lives.
From a human, cultural perspective, that first moon walk may have been conceived by the Cold War but ultimately, it defied political system and country of origin. Instead, it took the people of this planet on that journey.
As the first moon walker so aptly put it:
This is one small step for a man; one giant leap for mankind.
~ American astronaut Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon
The flag on the moon
Not without debate was it decided to plant a US flag upon the moon. The larger question was how to "fly" the flag under windless conditions? A simple plan was devised.
The first decision was to fly a common 3'x5' nylon American flag, the most popular size flown then as well as now. (Its manufacturer, by the way, was purposefully lost to history. In order to accomplish this, NASA sent employees out to purchase a slew of 3'x5' flags from local stores including hardware stores, Sears and so on. Who actually made the flag that would fly on the moon? They didn't want it to matter.)
sketched plans of how to "wave" the flag from the moon (NASA.gov)
In order to create the illusion of an American flag flying proudly in the wind, NASA engineers decided to fly the flag from a specially constructed flag pole. A simple, 3-part, aluminum flag pole was used that could be taken apart for the trip and reassembled once on the moon. The pole would attach to a specially constructed, horizontal type of "curtain rod" assembly at its top. The horizontal rod would allow the flag to be constantly at attention. (See above illustration.)
In order to create this discreetly, a fabric tunnel or "hem" (again, like the top of a curtain) would be sewn along the top edge of the flag. The horizontal pole would be inserted into this hem and the flag would have the appearance of flying. Simple, yes? And it was.
Did you know? The only time this flag actually "waved" was from the propulsion of the Apollo's take off.
The race to the moon
Getting to the moon was a national aspiration birthed by President John F. Kennedy. Kennedy made it a national goal, a national desire – an objective that embodied American know-how and industry with American spirit.
In his speeches on the subject, Kennedy describes mankind as having great potential and the ability to do great things. He does not limit this description or belief to one nation. He also urges us to push ourselves to discover all that is great within us.
If you are of a certain age, you grew up with these ideas, ideas that defined mankind as a noble creature, that defined the individual as capable of great good and with the responsibility to do good.
As President Kennedy says in this speech to Rice University in 1962:
We choose to do this not because it is easy, but because it is hard. Because that challenge is one we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one we intend to win.
In his State of the Union speech on May 25, 1961, Kennedy first put the challenge to Congress, noting right away that this would be a long term and an expensive challenge.
Why did Kennedy believe that getting to the moon was so important?
Why did he choose to put before us such a long-term, such an expensive, and such a seemingly impossible goal? What did that give to us as a nation?
What did it give to that generation who grew up with this goal not yet in hand but soon to be within reach?
Surely,
the importance was far greater than the actual getting to the moon. In
the midst of the Cold War, this race helped define us as a nation. It gave us pride and purpose, and fed that quality of optimism and spirit that often has described this country and this people.
Kennedy's mission also redefined the nature of human endeavor – as led by a free
world.
So I ask you: How does it feel when you watch this man – this American, this pioneer, this brave heart – walk on the moon and share those steps with you?
This video (courtesy of CBS News) from July 20, 1969 shows the actual moon. It is narrated by Walter Cronkite, the voice of American news at that time. The run time is approximately 2:00.
Walter Cronkite goes with us as we watch the Apollo XI launch from Cape Canaveral and then as we watch it land on the moon and see Neil Armstrong take those first historic steps. (Courtesy CBS News)
The Apollo XI crew (from left): Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Buzz Aldrin (NASA.gov)
"We came in peace for all mankind."
Accompanying the flag that is on the moon is a plaque (written in English) that shows the planet Earth and gives the date of our landing. It is signed by four people: the astronauts who were on the voyage (Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin actually got to walk on the moon; Michael Collins, a third pilot who did not get to walk on the moon) and then-president of the United States, Richard M. Nixon.
In one of history's ironies, Kennedy first ran for president against Nixon but it was Nixon who would see Kennedy's dream come true and who would be the president whose signature is preserved on the lunar plaque.
The plaque that accompanies the flag on the moon is signed by President Nixon.
From President Kennedy's 1961 State of the Union:
To Congress and the Nation
"Our greatest
asset ... is the American people."
If we are to win the battle that
is now going on around the world between freedom and tyranny ... it is time to take longer strides – time for a great
new American enterprise – time for this nation to take a clearly leading role
in space achievement, which in many ways may hold the key to our future on
earth.
I
believe we possess all the resources and talents necessary. But the facts
of the matter are that we have never made the national decisions or marshaled
the national resources required for such leadership. We have never specified
long-range goals on an urgent time schedule, or managed our resources and our
time so as to insure their fulfillment. ...
For while we cannot guarantee that we shall one
day be first, we can guarantee that any failure to make this effort will make
us last. ... But this is not merely
a race. Space is open to us now; and our eagerness to share its meaning is not
governed by the efforts of others. We go into space because whatever mankind
must undertake, free men must fully share.
I therefore ask the Congress, above and
beyond the increases I have earlier requested for space activities, to provide
the funds which are needed to meet the following national goals:
First, I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the
goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him
safely to the earth.
No single space project in this period will be more
impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of
space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.We propose to accelerate the
development of the appropriate lunar space craft. We propose to develop
alternate liquid and solid fuel boosters, much larger than any now being
developed, until certain which is superior. We propose additional funds for
other engine development and for unmanned explorations--explorations which are
particularly important for one purpose which this nation will never overlook:
the survival of the man who first makes this daring flight.
But in a very real sense, it will not be one man going to
the moon--if we make this judgment affirmatively, it will be an entire nation.
For all of us must work to put him there.
Secondly, an additional 23 million
dollars, together with 7 million dollars already available, will accelerate
development of the Rover nuclear rocket. This gives promise of some day
providing a means for even more exciting and ambitious exploration of space,
perhaps beyond the moon, perhaps to the very end of the solar system itself. Third, an additional 50 million dollars
will make the most of our present leadership, by accelerating the use of space
satellites for world-wide communications. Fourth, an additional 75 million
dollars--of which 53 million dollars is for the Weather Bureau--will help give
us at the earliest possible time a satellite system for world-wide weather
observation.
Let it be clear ... I am
asking the Congress and the country to accept a firm commitment to a new course
of action, a course which will last for many years and carry very heavy costs:
531 million dollars in fiscal '62--an estimated seven to nine billion dollars
additional over the next five years. If we are to go only half way, or reduce
our sights in the face of difficulty, in my judgment it would be better not to
go at all. ... It is a most important decision that we
make as a nation. But all of you have lived through the last four years and
have seen the significance of space and the adventures in space, and no one can
predict with certainty what the ultimate meaning will be of mastery of space.
I believe we should go to the moon. But I think every citizen of this
country as well as the Members of the Congress should consider the matter
carefully in making their judgment, to which we have given attention over many
weeks and months, because it is a heavy burden, and there is no sense in
agreeing or desiring that the United States take an affirmative position in
outer space, unless we are prepared to do the work and bear the burdens to make
it successful. If we are not, we should
decide today and this year.
This decision demands a major national
commitment of scientific and technical manpower, material and facilities, and
the possibility of their diversion from other important activities where they
are already thinly spread. It means a degree of dedication, organization and
discipline which have not always characterized our research and development
efforts. It means we cannot afford undue work stoppages, inflated costs of
material or talent, wasteful inter-agency rivalries, or a high turnover of key
personnel. ...
In conclusion, let me emphasize one point: that we are determined, as a
nation in 1961 that freedom shall survive and succeed – and whatever the peril
and set-backs, we have some very large advantages.
The first is the simple fact that we are
on the side of liberty--and since the beginning of history, and particularly
since the end of the Second World War, liberty has been winning out all over
the globe.
A second real asset is that we are not
alone. We have friends and allies all over the world who share our devotion to
freedom. ...
A third asset is our desire for peace. It
is sincere, and I believe the world knows it. We are proving it in our patience
at the test ban table, and we are proving it in the UN where our efforts have
been directed to maintaining that organization's usefulness as a protector of
the independence of small nations. In these and other instances, the response
of our opponents has not been encouraging.
Yet it is important to know that our patience
at the bargaining table is nearly inexhaustible, though our credulity is
limited that our hopes for peace are unfailing, while our determination to
protect our security is resolute. ...
Finally, our greatest
asset in this struggle is the American people – their willingness to pay the
price for these programs ... and, finally, to practice democracy at home, in
all States, with all races.
In 1907,
Idaho adopted a very simple design for its state flag: Centered in the middle
of a dark blue field would be the official state seal and a banner declaring
the state name. A gold fringe is to encircle the entire flag.
Although the
design for the state flag has not changed, the state seal has been revised a
few times since its original design when Idaho was a territory. Here is that
history.
Starting
Points: The State Seal
Silas
D. Cochran was a clerk working in the Idaho Secretary of State's office. He is
the designer of the Idaho Territorial Seal, c. 1863.
The
territorial seal includes an illustration of an eagle with wings spread above a
shield. Inside the shield is a mountain landscape with the sun's rays spreading
outward. It bears the legend "The Union", a powerful slogan for a
nation at war, occupied with counting "free" and "slave"
areas as territories are granted statehood.
In
1866, however, then-governor of Idaho 's territory, Caleb Lyon, redesigned the
seal. Lyon's design features two women surrounding a shield featuring a view of
mountains and birds. An elk's antlers rise above the shield; the legend,
"Salve" is below it. Salve is Latin for "hello." Lyon's
seal was used until 1890, Idaho's year of statehood.
In
celebration of statehood, Idaho holds a contest for the design of its State
Seal. The prize is $100, a generous amount in those days, approximately $2,784
is 2012 dollars (Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis).
Miss Edward's original painting (Idaho State Historical Archives)
Miss Emma
Sarah Edwards eventually is chosen as the winner. A recent graduate from
an art school on the East coast and the daughter of Missouri's former governor,
Miss Edwards was visiting friends on her way to California when she fell in
love with Idaho and decided to stay and teach art. Miss Edwards' design became
the State Seal of Idaho in 1891. Her original painting is in the Idaho
State Historical Society. As for Miss Edwards, herself, she later married and
became Mrs. Emma Edwards Green.
Designing
her version of the State Seal
From Miss Edwards' version of events
(link to state archive), she interviewed legislators to get the inside track on what they thought the
seal should represent. Given her family background, she had their access – and
she used it. Many of the legislators also were miners who encouraged her to
include a miner in the seal – which she did.
The seal includes
a woman (a virginal icon representing both liberty as well as suffrage) and a
man (the miner). The elk horns and the mountains remained from Gov. Lyon's
design. Above the mountains, however, Miss Edwards included a sunrise. Above
the shield is the legend, in Latin, "Esto Perpetua," meaning, in
perpetuity or, more aptly, Idaho forever.
The Idaho
State Seal was "updated" in 1957 by Paul B. Evans with some of the
key images standardized or more clarified to better illustrate the state's
natural resources and main industries of agriculture, mining and forestry.
Technically, this design is the official state
seal (www.idaho.gov).
Let it fly!
Sources used:
Idaho.gov
Federal Reserve of Minneapolis inflation calculator (www.minneapolisfed.org/community_education/teacher/calc/hist1800.cfm)
